Antimalarials and macrolides: a review of off-label pharmacotherapies during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Abstract We critically analyzed clinical trials performed with chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with or without macrolides during the first wave of COVID-19 and discussed the design and limitations of peer-reviewed studies from January to July 2020. Seventeen studies were eligible for the discussion. CQ and HCQ did not demonstrate clinical advantages that justified their inclusion in therapeutic regimens of free prescription for treatment or prophylactic purposes, as suggested by health authorities, including in Brazil, during the first wave. Around August 2020, robust data had already indicated that pharmacological effects of CQ, HCQ and macrolides as anti-SARS-CoV-2 molecules were limited to in vitro conditions and largely based on retrospective trials with low quality and weak internal validity, which made evidence superficial for decision-making. Up to that point, most randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials did not reveal beneficial effects of CQ or HCQ with or without macrolides to reduce lethality, rate of intubation, days of hospitalization, respiratory support/mechanical ventilation requirements, duration, type and number of symptoms, and death and were unsuccessful in increasing virus elimination and/or days alive in hospitalized or ambulatory patients with COVID-19. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that side effects are more common in CQ-or HCQ-treated patients.

In vivo antimalarial activity of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems containing ethanolic extract of Morinda lucida in combination with other Congolese plants extracts

Abstract Morinda lucida leaves are largely used by Congolese traditional healers for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. The antimalarial activity of their ethanolic extract has been confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. However, the development of relevant formulations for potential clinical application is hampered since the active ingredients contained in this extract exhibit poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. Hence, this work aims not only to develop self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) for oral delivery of the ethanolic extract of Morinda lucida (ML) but also to evaluate its oral antimalarial activity alone and in combination with other Congolese ethanolic plant extracts (Alstonia congensis, Garcinia kola, Lantana camara, Morinda morindoides or Newbouldia laevis). Based on the solubility of these different extracts in various excipients, SNEDDS preconcentrates were prepared, and 200 mg/g of each plant extract were suspended in these formulations. The 4-day suppressive Peter's test revealed a significant parasite growth inhibiting effect for all the extract-based SNEDDS (from 55.0 to 82.4 %) at 200 mg/kg. These activities were higher than those of their corresponding ethanolic suspensions given orally at the same dose (p<0.05). The combination therapy of MLSNEDDS with other extract-based SNEDDS exhibited remarkable chemosuppression, ranging from 74.3 % to 95.8 % (for 100 + 100 mg/kg) and 86.7 % to 95.5 % (for 200 + 200 mg/kg/day). In regard to these findings, SNEDDS suspension may constitute a promising approach for oral delivery of ML alone or in combination with other antimalarial plants.

Quinolinotriazole antiplasmodials via click chemistry: synthesis and in vitro studies of 7-Chloroquinoline-based compounds

Malaria is nowadays one of the most serious health concerns in a global scale and, although there is an evident increase in research studies in this area, pointed by the vast number of hits and leads, it still appears as a recurrent topic every year due to the drug resistance shown by the parasite exposing the urgent need to develop new antimalarial medications. In this work, 38 molecules were synthesized via copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) or "click" chemistry, following different routes to produce 2 different organic azides, obtained from a 4,7 dicholoquinoline, reacted with 19 different commercially available terminal alkynes. All those new compounds were evaluated for their in vitro activity against the chloroquine resistant malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (W2). The cytotoxicity evaluation was accomplished using Hep G2 cells and SI index was calculated for every molecule. Some of the quinoline derivatives have shown high antimalarial activity, with IC50 values in the range of 1.72-8.66 µM, low cytotoxicity, with CC50>1000 µM and selectivity index (SI) in the range of 20-100, with some compounds showing SI>800. Therefore, the quinolinotriazole hybrids could be considered a very important step on the development of new antimalarial drugs

Pró-Fármacos dendriméricos potencialmente ativos em Malária e Tuberculose: Síntese e avaliação da atividade biológica / Dendrimeric prodrugs potentially active in malaria and tuberculosis: Synthesis and evaluation of biological activity

HIV/AIDS, tuberculose, malária e as doenças tropicais negligenciadas representam uma grande preocupação em Saúde em muitas regiões do mundo. Os fármacos disponíveis para o tratamento apresentam diversos problemas, tais como toxicidade e resistência ao parasita. Mesmo com esse triste panorama, o investimento em pesquisa nessa área é, ainda, pouco significativo. Assim, dentre os métodos de modificação molecular para melhorar propriedades farmacêuticas, farmacocinéticas e/ou farmacodinâmica de compostos bioativos destaca-se a latenciação. Já os dendrímeros vêm despertando interesse em aplicações biológicas, principalmente como transportadores de fármacos, além de atuarem como transportadores de genes, imagem em diagnóstico e compostos com ação per se. Face ao exposto e tendo em vista o caráter promissor dos dendrímeros como sistemas de drug delivery, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a síntese de pró-fármacos dendriméricos potencialmente ativos em malária e tuberculose. Os dendrímeros de Bis-MPA (gerações 0, 1 e 2) foram sintetizados pelo grupo do Professor Scott Grayson, da Tulane University (EUA). No Brasil, foram feitas as funcionalizações destes compostos, através do acoplamento do ácido succínico (que funciona como espaçante) e as moléculas ativas. Selecionaram-se as seguintes substâncias: (1) primaquina, com ação antimalárica e (2) isoniazida, de ação nos primeiros estágios da tuberculose. Foram sintetizados os pró-fármacos dendriméricos de isoniazida nas gerações 0 e 1 (G0-Iso e G1-Iso), e primaquina nas gerações 0, 1 e 2 (G0-Pq, G1-Pq e G2Pq). Importante mencionar que os resultados de Ressonância Magnética e Nuclear de 1H e de 13C demostraram as obtenções dos respectivos produtos, porém contendo impurezas. Já a análise do resultado proveniente da espectrometria de massas do composto G0-Iso revelou a presença de um subproduto ciclizado da isonizaida succinoilada (CIso-Suc), o qual pode ser um potencial pró-fármaco ou apresentar atividade per se. Como não se conhece este composto, o laboratório coordenado pela Profas Elizabeth Igne Ferreira e Jeanine Giarolla manifestou interesse em pesquisa-lo, principalmente quanto suas propriedades físico- químicas, bem como quanto à atividade biológica. Assim, utilizando metodologia analítica previamente estabelecida para o G0-Iso, os estudos de estabilidade química da CIso-Suc, em diferentes valores de pH, demonstraram a capacidade da forma ciclizada em se converter no protótipo Iso-Suc, majoritariamente em pH 7,4 e 8,5. Como perspectivas, destaca-se a avaliação da estabilidade enzimática deste potencial derivado. Ressalta-se, ainda, a a avaliação da respectiva atividade antimicobacteriana. Em relação aos pró-fármacos, as necessidades de aprimoramentos das sínteses são, também, evidenciadas. Uma vez sintetizados e caracterizados, estes últimos derivados serão avaliados quanto à atividade biológica. Ademais, estudos computacionais, sobretudo simulações de docking molecular, foram desenvolvidos com intuito de se entender o modo de interação de alguns compostos com alvos biológicos pré-determinados

HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected diseases are a major health concern in many regions of the world. The drugs available present various problems, such as toxicity and parasite resistance. Even with this sad outlook, research investment in this area is still insignificant. Among the molecular modification methods to improve the pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic properties we stands out prodrug design. On the other hand, dendrimers are arousing interest in biological applications, mainly as drug carriers, besides gene delivery, diagnostic imaging, as well as acting as compounds with activity per se. Considering that, added to the promising dendrimer drug delivery features, the aim of this study was to synthesize potentially active dendrimer prodrugs in malaria and tuberculosis. Bis-MPA dendrimers (generations 0, 1 and 2) were synthesized by the group of Professor Scott Grayson of Tulane University (USA). Herein in Brazil, the compounds were functionalized by coupling succinic acid (spacer group), as well as the active molecules. We selected the following substances: (1) primaquine, with antimalarial action and (2) isoniazid, acting in the early stages of tuberculosis. Isoniazid dendrimer prodrugs were synthesized generations 0 and 1 (G0-Iso and G1-Iso), and primaquine in generations 0, 1 and 2 (G0-Pq, G1-Pq and G2-Pq). It is important to mention that the results related to Nuclear and Magnetic Resonance 113C showed chemical structures features, however with impurities. Analysis of the mass spectrometry regarding G0-Iso has revealed the presence of a cyclized by-product of succinylated isonized (CIso-Suc), which may be a potential prodrug or may presentactivity itself. Using the analytical methodology performed for G0-Iso, ICso-Suc demonstrated its ability to convert the Iso-Suc prototype at different pH values, especially at pH 7.4 and 8.5. As perspectives, we highlight the determinations of the chemical stability of ICsoSuc at pH 1.5 and 6.0, as well as the evaluation of the enzymatic stability. We will also investigate the respective antimicobacterial activities. Regarding prodrugs, the needs for synthesis enhancements are also necessary. Once synthesized and characterized, these latter derivatives will be evaluated for biological activity. Moreover, computational studies, especially molecular docking simulations, were developed in order to understand the mode of interaction of some compounds with predetermined biological targets

Planejamento, síntese e avaliação biológica de inibidores de falcipaína 2 como candidatos a antimaláricos / Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of falcipain 2 inhibitors as candidates for antimalarials

A malária, doença causada pelo protozoário do gênero Plasmodium, está entre as doenças que mais causam mortes os países subdesenvolvidosn. O hospedeiro é infectado por meio da picada do mosquito do gênero Anopheles, que introduz o parasita durante a hematofagia. As formas mais graves são causadas pelo Plasmodium vivax e o Plasmodium falciparum. As regiões mais afetadas por estas formas são África Subsaariana, Ásia, América Central e Sul. Desde o começo do século XXI, a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) busca erradicar a doença, porém o P.falciparum se mostrou resistente aos fármacos antimaláricos existentes, dificultando a eficácia do tratamento. Isto, entre outros fatores, como mortalidade e alto índice de infecção, tornam necessárias novas pesquisas para a descoberta de novos fármacos mais seguros e eficazes contra a malária. Estudos têm mostrado como um alvo promissor para a criação de novos antimaláricos, a cisteína protease falcipaína, a qual se apresenta em três isoformas no parasita, sendo elas, falcipaína 1, 2 e 3. A falcipaína 2 está ligada com a hidrólise da hemoglobina, e seus inibidores vem sendo estudados como alternativas na busca de agentes antimaláricos. Derivados de semicarbazona, tais como o nitrofural e o hidroximetilnitrofural demonstraram atividade inibitória de cisteíno proteases parasitárias. Utilizando estratégias modernas de planejamento de fármacos e por meio da integração entre técnicas computacionais e experimentais, realizou-se o planejamento, síntese e avaliação biológica de compostos derivados dos ditiocarbazatos e tiossemicarbazonas, bioisosteros de semicarbazona, como inibidores da cisteíno protease falcipaína 2, no intuito de obter novos antimaláricos. Aplicaram-se técnicas de modelagem molecular em três séries de compostos (A, B e C), sendo a A e B derivados dos ditiocarbazatos e a C das tiossemicarbazonas. Estes estudos sugerem, três compostos da série A, quatro na série B e três na C com maior potencial para inibição da falcipaína 2. Isso devido aos resultados teóricos indicarem condições favoráveis ao ataque nucleofílico da cisteína 42 catalítica da falcipaína 2 às tiocarbonilass presentes nos compostos planejados. Estes derivados foram sintetizados, analisados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética de 1H e 13C, espectroscopia de IV, ponto de fusão e pureza caracterizando sua formação. Após a obtenção, os compostos foram enviados para ensaios biológicos frente ao parasita P. falciparum. Os compostos testados não apresentaram inibição, porém é sabido que muitos inibidores enzimáticos não são ativos contra o parasita mesmo tendo alta potência contra a enzima, isto devido às barreiras a serem ultrapassadas até chegar ao alvo bioquímico, deste modo faz-se necessário ensaios contra a enzima para validar nossa hipótese

Malaria, a disease caused by the protozoan of the genus Plasmodium, is among the most deadly diseases in poor countries. The host is infected through the bite of the mosquito of the genus ,i>Anopheles, which introduces the parasite during hematophagy. The most severe forms are caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. The regions most affected by these forms are Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Central and South America. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the World Health Organization (WHO) has sought to eradicate the disease, but P. falciparum has been resistant to antimalarial drugs treatment. Among other factors, such as mortality and high infection rates, new research is needed to find new, safer and more effective drugs against malaria. Studies have shown as a promising target for the creation of new antimalarial drugs, the cysteine protease falcipain, which is present in three isoforms in the parasite: falcipain 1, 2 and 3. Falcipain 2 is linked to the hydrolysis of hemoglobin, and its inhibitors have been studied as alternatives in the search for antimalarial agents. Derivatives of semicarbazone such as nitrofural and hydroxymethylnitrofural demonstrated inhibitory activity of parasitic cysteine proteases. Using modern strategies for drug design and the integration of computational and experimental techniques, the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of compounds derived from dithiocarbazates and thiossemicarbazones, semicarbazone biosynthesis as inhibitors of cysteine protease falcipain 2 were carried out in order to new antimalarials. Molecular modeling studies were performed in three series of compounds (A, B and C), with A and B being derived from dithiocarbazates and C from thiossemicarbazones. These studies suggest three compounds in the A series, four in the B series, and three in the C group with the greatest potential for inhibition of falcipain 2. This is due to the theoretical results indicating favorable conditions for the nucleophilic attack of the catalytic cysteine of falcipain 2 on thionyls present in the compounds planned. These derivatives were synthesized, analyzed by 1H and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and melting point, characterizing their formation. After being obtained, the compounds were sent for biological assays against the P. falciparum parasite. The compounds tested did not show inhibition, but it is known that many enzyme inhibitors are not active against the parasite even though they have high potency against the enzyme, this is due to the barriers to be overcome until reaching the biochemical target, thus enzyme to validate our hypothesis

Plasmodium falciparum parasites overexpressing farnesyl diphosphate synthase/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase are more resistant to risedronate

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of isoprenic chains. Risedronate, a bisphosphonate containing nitrogen (N-BP), is a potent inhibitor of blood stage Plasmodium. Here, we show that P. falciparum parasites overexpressing FPPS/GGPPS are more resistant to risedronate, suggesting that this enzyme is an important target, and bisphosphonate analogues can be used as potential antimalarial drugs.

Molecular docking, synthesis and in vitro antimalarial evaluation of certain novel curcumin analogues

ABSTRACT The receptor protein PfATP6 has been identified as the common target of artemisinin and curcumin. The work was initiated to assess the antimalarial activity of six curcumin derivatives based on their binding affinities and correlating the in silico docking outcome with in vitro antimalarial screening results. A ligand library of thirty two Knoevenagel condensates of curcumin were designed and docked against PfATP6 protein and six compounds with the best binding scores were synthesized and screened for their antimalarial activity against the sensitive 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. ADME/Tox, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the designed compounds were analyzed and reported. 4-FB was found to have similar binding energy to the standard artemisinin (-6.75 and -6.73 respectively) while 4-MB, 3-HB, 2-HB, B, 4-NB displayed better binding energy than curcumin (-5.95, -5.89, -5.68, -5.35, -5.29 and -5.25 respectively). At a dose of 50 µg/mL all the six compounds showed 100% schizont inhibition while at 5µg/ml, five showed more than 75% inhibition and better results than curcumin. 4-FB showed the best activity with 97.8% schizonticidal activity. The in vitro results superimpose the results obtained from the in silico study thereby encouraging development of promising curcumin leads in the battle against malaria.

Quantitation of artemether in pharmaceutical raw material and injections by high performance liquid chromatography / Quantificação de artemether a matéria-prima farmacêutica e injeções por cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho

The quantitation of artemether in both pharmaceutical raw material and injections was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. A Zorbax C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 μm), at 30 ºC, and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water (70:30), at a flow rate of 1ml/min, were used. The detection wavelength was 216 nm and the injection volume was 20 μL. The method proved to be linear (r²=0.9999), precise (RSD < 20 percent for intra-day and inter-day precision), accurate and selective regarding possible impurities and excipients of the samples. The detection and quantitation limits were 8 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, respectively. The artemether content obtained in the raw material analysis was 99.26 percent and in the injections, 102.08 percent. The optimized and validated method may be successfully employed to perform routine quality control analyses.

A quantificação de artemeter em matéria-prima farmacêutica e solução injetável foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com detecção na região do ultravioleta. Empregou-se coluna Zorbax C18 (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 μm), mantida a 30 ºC, e fase móvel composta por acetonitrila e água (70:30), com fluxo de 1 ml/min. A detecção foi realizada a 216 nm, e o volume de injeção foi 20 μl. O método se mostrou linear (r²=0,9999), preciso (DPR < 2,0 por cento para precisão intra-dia e inter-dias) e seletivo em relação a possíveis impurezas e excipientes das amostras. Os limites de detecção e quantificação obtidos foram 8 μg/mL e 25 μg/mL, respectivamente. O teor médio de artemeter obtido na análise da matéria-prima farmacêutica foi 99,26 por cento e na solução injetável, 102,08 por cento. O método otimizado e validado pode ser utilizado com sucesso para análises rotineiras em controle de qualidade.

Robustness evaluation of the chromatographic method for the quantitation of lumefantrine using youden's test / Avaliação da robustez do método cromatográfico para quantificação de lumefantrina utilizando o teste de youden

Youden's test is a reliable method to evaluate the robustness of analytical methods, by means of an experiment design which involves seven analytical parameters combined in eight tests. In the present study, we assessed the robustness of a chromatographic method to quantify lumefantrine in raw material samples, using Youden's test. Hence, it was possible to determine the effect of each analytical parameter in the final analysis results. Youden's test showed to be a simple and feasible procedure to evaluate the robustness of chromatographic methods.

O teste de Youden constitui um método confiável para avaliação da robustez de métodos analíticos, por meio de um delineamento que envolve sete parâmetros analíticos combinados em oito experimentos. No presente estudo, a robustez de um método cromatográfico para quantificação de lumefantrina em matéria-prima farmacêutica foi avaliada utilizando-se o teste de Youden. Assim, foi possível determinar o efeito de cada parâmetro analítico nos resultados finais das análises. O teste de Youden se mostrou um procedimento simples e confiável para a avaliação da robustez de métodos cromatográficos.

Evidence for the spectroscopic determination of artesunate in dosage form.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Resistance to conventional antimalarials triggered off new policies to circumvent the devastating consequences of malaria especially in the trans-Saharan Africa. The use of artemisinin-based combinations as first line drug in treatment of uncomplicated malaria was then advocated and adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Nigeria, this new policy has witnessed a surge in the number of circulating brands of such combinations. Unfortunately, at present, there are no "on-the-spot" cheap and reliable assay procedures for artesunate-based combinations. This is what the present research aims to achieve. METHODS: Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy was used to establish the wavelength of maximum absorbance for pure powder of artesunate and then the Beer's plot generated. This was validated and used to assay nine brands (X1-X9) of artesunate in Nigerian drug market. RESULTS: Distinctive ultraviolet absorption at 287 nm of pure sample of Artesunate in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) afforded a simple, precise and the most reliable method for the analysis of nine different brands of Artesunate marketed in Nigeria. SIF does not have any appreciable absorption in the ultraviolet region. This simple method yielded a Beer's plot for Artesunate with high correlation (R2) of 0.9972 +/- 0.00016 and was reproducible. The Beer's plot was obeyed in concentration range of 10-200 mg%. The limits of detection (sensitivity) and quantitation were found to be 0.471 mg/ml and 1.27 mg/ml respectively. The results showed that only four out of the nine brands assayed had deviations from label claims that were within acceptable limits. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Based on these convincing data, simple ultraviolet spectroscopy at 287 nm could be used to assay artesunate in formulations.

Evaluación de la actividad de extractos marinos sobre Plasmodium falciparum in vitro y aspártico proteasas / Evaluation of the marine extracts action on Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and on aspartic proteases

Introducción: la búsqueda de nuevas drogas o alternativas terapéuticas para el tratamiento de la malaria es una alta prioridad en la lucha por el control de esta enfermedad. En la actualidad, varios estudios se concentran en la evaluación de inhibidores de proteasas de tipo aspártico presentes en la vacuola digestiva de Plasmodium falciparum, las cuales son parte de las enzimas que participan en la degradación de la hemoglobina. Los escasos reportes en la literatura sobre la purificación de inhibidores de proteasas aspárticas a partir de organismos marinos sugieren que constituyen una fuente de este tipo de moléculas prácticamente inexplorada. Métodos: las especies de invertebrados marinos Phallusia nigra, Bugula sp., Lyssodendoryx isodictyalis, Ascidia sydneiensis, Microscosmus goanus, Holothuria mexicana, Lytechinus variegatus y Echinaster sp. fueron colectadas en la localidad de Puerto Esperanza, Pinar del Río, en abril de 2006 y se prepararon extractos etanólicos. Se realizó la evaluación antimalárica in vitro contra Plasmodium falciparum de estos extractos con valores descriptivos de eficacia comparables a los utilizados internacionalmente. Los resultados se relacionaron con los hallazgos de los ensayos de inhibición de la actividad enzimática de pepsina como modelo de proteasa aspártica y con el perfil químico de metabolitos secundarios en estos extractos. Resultados: se encontró una buena reproducibilidad de la actividad antimalárica de los extractos de P. nigra, M. goanus y L. isodictyalis con concentraciones inhibitorias medias menores que 50 µg/mL. El extracto de M. goanus mostró la posible presencia de un inhibidor de pepsina. El perfil químico obtenido para las ascidias se corresponde con los principales compuestos reportados para las familias Pyuridae y Ascidiidae. La actividad antimalárica, así como la actividad inhibidora de pepsina, pudiera ser atribuida a algunos de los grupos de metabolitos secundarios detectados...

Background: the search for new drugs or therapeutic alternatives for malaria treatment is a high priority in the struggle against this disease. At present, several studies are focused on the evaluation of aspartic protease inhibitors present in the digestive vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum, which are part of the enzymes involved in hemoglobin degradation. The few reports in literature on the purification of aspartic proteases inhibitors from marine organisms suggest that they are a practically unexplored source of this type of molecules. Methods: marine invertebrate species Phallusia nigra, Bugula sp., Lyssodendoryx isodictyalis, Ascidia sydneiensis, Microscosmus goanus, Holothuria mexicana, Lytechinus variegatus y Echinaster sp.were detected in Puerto Esperanza area, Pinar del Rio province, on April 2006 and then ethanol extracts were prepared. In vitro antimalarial evaluation of these extracts against Plasmodium falciparum, with descriptive efficacy values being comparable with those used worldwide. The results were associated to the findings of aspartic protease model-like pepsin enzymatic action inhibition tests and to the chemical profile of secondary metabolites in these extracts. RESULTS: good reproducibility of antimalarial action of P. nigra, M. goanus y L. isodictyalis extracts was found, being the average inhibitory concentrations lower than 50 µg/mL. M. goanus extract showed a possible pepsin inhibitor. The chemical profile for ascidians corresponded to the main compounds reported in Pyuridae y Ascidiidae families. The antimalarial activity as well as the pepsin inhibitory activity might be attributed to some of the detected secondary metabolites. Conclusions: the breaking-up of these extracts is recommended in order to isolate the chemical compounds involved in the studied biological activities.

In vitro evaluation of marketed antimalarial chloroquine phosphate tablets.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to investigate the physicochemical equivalence of seven brands of tablets containing chloroquine phosphate, an antimalarial purchased from different retail pharmacy outlets. METHODS: The quality and physicochemical equivalence of seven different brands of chloroquine phosphate tablets were assessed. The assessment included the evaluation of uniformity of weight, friability, crushing strength, disintegration and dissolution tests as well as chemical assay of the tablets. RESULTS: All the seven brands of the tablets passed the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) standards for uniformity of weight, disintegration and crushing strength. One of seven brands failed the friability test. One of the brands did not comply with the standard assay of content of active ingredients. Dissolution test passes the pharmacopoeial standards for chloroquine phosphate tablets. There were no significant differences in the amounts of chloroquine phosphate released from the different brands. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Out of the seven brands of anti-malarial chloroquine phosphate tablets only one brand fails to meet BP quality specifications which shows constant market monitoring of new products to ascertain their equivalency to pharmacopoeial standards.

Preparacao e analise estrutural de iminas derivadas de dextranos oxidados e antimalaricos / Preparation and structural analysis derivative imines of oxidized dextrans and antimalarial

Com o objetivo de obter pro-farmacos potencialmente ativos em malaria, especialmente em malaria resistente, preparam-se, empregando-se o metodo da latenciacao, derivados de dextranos oxidados--MM 60.000-90.000, 70.000 e 500.000 -- com agentes antimalaricos. Sintetizaram-se iminas derivadas dos polimeros oxidados contendo um unico farmaco -- sulfas, sulfona -- e em associacao -- sulfas ou sulfona, e pirimetamina. Os compostos obtidos foram submetidos as analises espectrometricas no IV, UV de 'ANTPOT. 1'H RMN e de 'ANTPOT. 13'C RMN. Essas analises indicaram que os compostos que seguem foram obtidos: dextrano oxidado I (DOI) e dapsona (63), sulfadiazina (64), sulfametoxidiazina (65); dextrano oxidado II (DOII) e dapsona (67), sulfametoxazol, pH 6,0(71), sulfametoxipirida (72), sulfamonometoxina (73), dextrano oxidado III (DOIII) e dapsona (75), dextrano oxidado MM 70.000 (T70III) e sulfisoxazol); derivados de dextrano oxidado I (DOI) em associacao de pirimetamina e dapsona 1:1(91), de dextrano oxidado III em associacao de pirimetamina e dapsona, proporcao equimolar(95), de dextrano oxidado MM 70.000 (T70III) em associacao de pirimetamina e sulfametoxidiazina (99), de dextrano oxidado MM 70.000 (T70III) em associacao de pirimetamina e sulfametoxipiridazina (100) e ), de dextrano oxidado MM 500.000 (T500III) em associacao de pirimetamina e sulfametoxipiridazina (107). Com o objetivo de quantificar o farmaco no pro-farmaco, efetuaram-se analises quantitativas no UV com DOIDDS (63), DOISDZ (64), DOISMDZ (65), DOIISDX (69), DOIISMXZ pH 4,2 (70); DOIISMXZ pH 6,0 (71), DOIISMMX (73) e T70IIISFSXZ (80) mostraram graus de substituicao diversos. Dois desses compostos --derivados de dapsona e de sulfadiazina, foram submetidos a ensaios de liberacao in vitro, em valores diferentes de pH, apresentaram liberacao prolongada